HealthFlex
×
  • Home
  • Immunology Book
  • Lab Tests
    • Hematology
    • Fluid analysis
    • CSF
    • Urine Analysis
    • Chemical pathology
    • Blood banking
    • Fungi
    • General pathology
    • Immune system
    • Microbiology
    • Parasitology
    • Pathology
    • Tumor marker
    • Virology
    • Cytology
  • Lectures
    • Bacteriology
    • Immunology
    • Liver
    • Lymph node
    • Lymphoid system
    • Mycology
    • Pathology
    • Virology
  • Blog
    • Economics and technical
    • Fitness health
    • Mental health
    • Nutrition
    • Travel
    • Preventive health
    • Nature and photos
    • General topic
  • Medical Dictionary
  • About Us
  • Contact

Fluid Analysis – Part 2 – Various fluids Analysis, Transudate and Exudate

Fluid Analysis – Part 2  – Various fluids Analysis, Transudate and Exudate
September 18, 2020Fluid analysisLab Tests

Sample

  • The fluid for the analysis  are:
    1. Ascitic fluid.
    2. Pleural fluid.
    3. Pericardial fluid.
    4. Amniotic fluid.
    5. Cerebrospinal fluid.
    6. Semen analysis.
    7. Cervical mucus test.
    8. Joint fluid (synovial fluid).
    9. Sweat chloride test.
    10. Urine analysis.

Indications

  1. To diagnose the cause of the fluids.
  2. This could be therapeutic.
  3. To diagnose the diseases.

Precautions

  • The fluid analysis should be done immediately to prevent false results due to cellular or chemical deterioration.
  • Follow precautions if there is a delay in the testing of fluid.

Pathophysiology

  1. Effusions from the abdomen, pleura, pericardium, and joints are classified into exudate and transudate.
    1. Exudates are caused by inflammatory, infectious, or neoplastic diseases.
    2. Transudates are caused by venous congestion, hypoproteinemia, and fluid overload.
  2. Some of the fluids are analyzed to diagnose the disease like sweat for cystic fibrosis.
  3. Various Procedures to get fluids are:
    1. Lumbar puncture for CSF.
    2. Amniocentesis to get fluid from the uterus.
    3. Pericardiocentesis for pericardial fluid.
    4. Thoracentesis for pleural fluid.
    5. Paracentesis for the peritoneal fluid.
    6. Arthrocentesis for the fluid from the joints.
  4. The fluid analysis includes:
    1. Gross appearance.
    2. Specific gravity
    3. Total protein
    4. LDH level.
    5. Total cell count.
    6. Microscopic examination for the differential count.
    7. Cytospin For the cytological examination.
    8. In the case of CSF, the glucose level is estimated.
    9. In some cases, AFB or Gram stain is done.
  5. Fluid analysis is to diagnose the etiology of fluid formation or sometimes it may be therapeutic.
  6. Therapeutic advantages:
    1. Fluid aspirated from the pleural improves ventilation and oxygenation.
    2. Fluid from the Peritoneum relieves the pressure and ease of breathing and eating.
    3. Fluid aspirated from the joint relieves the pain and function.
    4. Fluid aspirated from the pericardial cavity improves diastolic filling and cardiac output.

Table showing the difference between various fluids:

Test Exudate Transudate Chylous
Appearance cloudy clear cloudy to milky
Color variable pale yellow pale yellow to milky
Cell count >1000 <1000 >1000
DLC poly → MN cell lympho poly → MN cells
Triglycerides <60 mg/dL <60 mg/dL >110 mg/dL
Total protein >3.0g/dL <3.0g/dL >3.0g/dL
Fluid protein/serum TP >0.5 <0.5 >o.5
Fluid LDH/serum LDH >0.6 <0.6 >0.6
TP = Total protein

MN = Mononuclear cells.

Comparison of Transudate and Exudate:

parameter   (Characteristic features)        Transudate                        Exudate            
Appearance Pale yellow

Yellow (inflammatory) Red (hemorrhage)

Brown (bilirubin)  or cloudy

Protein <3 g/dL >3 g/dL
Fluid: serum protein ratio <0.5 >0.5
Fluid: LD ratio <0.6 >0.6
Specific gravity <1.016 >1.016
WBC Absent Increased
LDH Normal  <200 IU/L Increased >200 IU/L
Glucose Normal (equal to serum level) Less or equal to serum
Pleural fluid cholesterol <60 mg/dL >60 mg/dL
Pleural fluid: serum cholesterol  ratio <0.3 >0.3
Pleural fluid: bilirubin ratio <0.6 >0.6
Fibrinogen No clot Clots are seen
Spontaneous clotting Negative May see clot formation
Cell count 300 to 1000 /cmm >1000 /cmm
WBCs Few lymphocytes Many polys >25%
RBCs Few Variable
Differential Mononuclear cells predominate
<25% neutrophils
>25% neutrophils
Fluid analysis and differential diagnosis

Fluid analysis and differential diagnosis

  • Please see more details in the fluid part 3.

 


Possible References Used
Go Back to Fluid analysis

Add Comment Cancel


  • Lab Tests
    • Blood banking
    • Chemical pathology
    • CSF
    • Cytology
    • Fluid analysis
    • Fungi
    • General pathology
    • Hematology
    • Immune system
    • Microbiology
    • Parasitology
    • Pathology
    • Tumor marker
    • Urine Analysis
    • Virology

About Us

Labpedia.net is non-profit health information resource. All informations are useful for doctors, lab technicians, nurses, and paramedical staff. All the tests include details about the sampling, normal values, precautions, pathophysiology, and interpretation.

info@labpedia.net

Quick Links

  • Blog
  • About Us
  • Contact
  • Disclaimer

Our Team

Professor Dr. Riaz Ahmad Bhutta

Dr. Naheed Afroz Syed

Dr. Asad Ahmad, M.D.

Dr. Shehpar Khan, M.D.

Copyright © 2020. All Rights Reserved.
Web development by Farhan Ahmad