Blood banking:- part 3 – Blood Donation Procedure, Blood Components and Their Indications

Procedure to collect blood from the donor.
- Donor assurance:
- Make the donor comfortable and assure him about safety.
- Give some time to the donor to acclimatize with the atmosphere.
- Now apply the blood pressure cuff above the elbow and give a pressure of 20 to 40 mmHg.
- Cleaning the site:
- Now clean the site of venipuncture thoroughly.
- Can use chlorhexidine, or 1% tincture iodine, or 1% PVP iodine.
- Collection of the blood:
- Keep the blood pack below the level of the donor.
- Can keep the pack in the balance.
- Now increase the blood pressure to 60 to 80 mmHg till the vein is prominent. Ask him to clench his or her fist.
- Insert the needle into the vein; as blood comes out, remove the bead, which prevents the blood from entering the pack.
- Now reduce the pressure in the cuff.
- Carefully and slowly mix the blood with the anticoagulants.
- When blood donation is complete, reduce the pressure to 0 in the cuff.
- Clamp the blood pack (bag).
- Take out the needle and apply the pressure on the venipuncture site.
- Precaution after the collection of blood:
- Please don’t allow the donor to sit immediately; ask him to lie down for at least 5 to 10 minutes.
- Sometimes the donor gets headaches, nausea, and dizziness.
- Donor blood pressure may become low.
- Label the pack and make at least 4 to 5 tubing segments for further testing.
- Allow the blood to cool down before refrigeration is done. This period should not exceed more than one hour.
Before the donated blood is released, the following tests are done:
- The following tests are done on the donor blood and the serum.
- The donor’s blood grouping ABO is verified.
- Verify the Rh typing. Rh-negative blood is reconfirmed.
- Reverse blood ABO grouping is done on the donor serum.
- Antibody screening is done by the enzyme and antiglobulin method.
- Perform the VDRL, HBS, HCV, and HIV.
- The donor’s blood grouping ABO is verified.
- After doing all these tests, you can now release the blood pack for donation to the patient.
Blood components most common in use are:
- Whole blood.
- Fresh frozen plasma.
- Packed red blood cells.
- Frozen red blood cells.
- Human serum albumin.
- Human immune serum globulin.
- Antihemophilic factor concentrate (cryoprecipitate).
- Factor IX concentrate.
- Platelets concentrate or platelets-rich plasma.
- White blood cell poor blood (where the white cells are removed).
How to make Fresh Frozen Plasma:
- Fresh frozen plasma is separated from the RBCs after centrifugation at 4 °C temperature and immediately is frozen.
- Before giving to the patients, it needs to be thaw at 37 °C for at least 20 minutes or until the thawing is complete.
- Don’t delay after thawing to transfuse into the patient because factor V and VIII deteriorate in a short time.
- The thawing process may be accelerated by an agitator machine and a specially designed microwave.
Blood components and their indications:
Components | Composition | Indications |
Packed RBCs | Only RBCs without plasma |
|
Fresh frozen plasma | Plasma separated and frozen in 8 hours of collection. |
|
Cryoprecipitate |
|
|
Platelets concentrate |
|
|
Granulocytes collected by apheresis | Granulocytes are collected by apheresis. |
|
Platelets collected by apheresis | platelets collected by apheresis and volume is 200 to 300 mL |
|
Effects of temperature on the storage of the blood: